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1. REVOLUSI PERINDUSTRIAN

  • Kebangkitan era perindustrian pada tahun 1800 banyak mengubah persekitaran​

  • Manusia bertumpu di bandar

  • Imigrasi

  • Pertumbuhan dan banyak tumpuan di bandar

  • Lahirnya pergerakan untuk memperbetulkan keadaan dan kehidupan

  • Memperbaiki kualiti kehidupan

2. Pengkaji Tentang Perbezaan Manusia

  • Reaksi hasil daripada kepadatan dan keadaan kehidupan hasil daripada revolusi tersebut.

  • Di mulakan oleh Francis Galton. (England, 1874)

  • Pada tahun 1879, Wilhelm Wunt menubuhkan makmal eksprimen di Leipzig, German untuk mengkaji tingkahlaku manusia.

  • Pada tahun 1883, G. Stanley Hail dari Amerika Syarikat telah menubuhkan makmal psikologi untuk mengukur ciri-ciri fizikal dan mental kanak-kanak.

  • Pada tahun 1890, James Cattel menerbitkan artikel berkaitan ujian mental (mengukur perbrzaan individu)

  • Pada tahun 1896 pula, Alfred Binet dan V. Henri telah menerbitkan artikel berkaitan penilaian mental manusia.

  • John Dewey telah membuat reformasi dalam pendidikan- kerjaya perlu berdasarkan kepada motivasi, minat dan perkembangan.

3. Program Panduan Kerjaya Peringkat Awal

  • George merrill (1900) telah memperkenalkan pelajar kepada kursus industri di San Francisco.

  • Frank Parsons (Bapa Bimbingan Kerjaya) menerbitkan buku "Choosing a Vocation".

  • Beliau sangat berminat dengan pembaharuan masyarakat.

Pottery Artist at Work

4. Konferen kebangsaan berkaitan bimbingan vokasional

1910 pertama di Boston diadakan

  • Ramai penceramah termasuk Charles W. Elliot – President Harvard menekankan kepada keperluan bimbingan dan kerjaya di sekolah.

  • Rentetan - banyak lagi tertubuhnya bimbingan kerjaya secara terancang di U.S.

  • Konferens kedua 1912 di New York.

  • Ke-3 1913 di Michigan dan tertubuhnya national Vocational Guidance Association, Inccorporated.

  • Sekarang dikenali sebgaai National Career Development Association. (NCDA).

5. Psikologi industri

  • Perkara yang berkaitan dengan perkembangan bimbingan kerjaya ialah hasilkerja Hugo Munsterberg (psikologist Jerman)

  • Beliau menyertai Univ Harvard dan memperkenalkan beberapa kaedah untukmengenalpasti bakat (aptitude) dan ciri-ciri individu yangs esuai dengan sesuatukerjaya.

6. Perkembangan Alat-alat Ujian (1900-1940)

Banyak dipengaruhi oleh William Wundt.

  • Diikuti oleh Kreplin & Ebbinghaus – membina bahan penilaian dan perintis kepada gerakan penilaian.

  • Di U.S. – James Cattell – menggunakan ujian kecerdasan mental.

  • Peranchis – Alfred Binet memperkenalkan ujian kecerdasan pertama pada1905 dikenali sebgai Binet - Simon / 1905 Scale.

  • Rentetean tersebut - istilah IQ (intelligent quotient) terkenal.

  • Gerakan penilaian bertambah rancak – ujian bakat diperkenalkan oleh Clark L.Hull – Aptitude Testing pada 1928. ianya menekankan kepada memadankan traitindividu dengan penawaran pekerjaan.

7. PERANG DUNIA PERTAMA

1. Need for testing of large groups.

2. Robert M. Yerkes develop first group inteligence tests. (alpha - verbal tests) (beta – nonverbal tests)

3. Post WW1

  • achievement testing

  • increased in schools 1920,

  • personality testing

  • slow to develop became integral to career assesment.

  • too much reliance on testing early on little consideration for others aspects of human development and experience.

4. Federal Legislation

  • 1917, Smith -Hughes act. Suggest federal donatemoney for nationwide vocational education. Counselor training at Universities.

  • 1936 George -Dean Act. Continued support vocational education

  • 1933 Wagner – Peyser Act. Established U.S. Employment Service.

5. Other activities

  • 1939 - Dictionary of Occupational Titles

  • 1938 – B’nai B’rith Vocational Service Bereau.

  • 1939 – Jewish Occupational Councill – career guidance for 6. Jewish immigrants. Established models for delivery of programs.

7. Growth – 1940 to present – counseling pubulications, WW2, Federalprograms, theories of career development, development of career education,profesional movement & Advances in technology.

8. Williamson & Rogers, (E. G. Williamson – How to counsel students, 1942, Drew on Parsons; Trait & Factor as directive counseling; Carl Rogers –counseling & Psychotheraphy, 1942, attacked directive counseling, ..affect, motivation, self awareness, non-directive, client-centred.

8.
PERANG DUNIA KEDUA

Again needed testing proceduresto classify recruits.

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Army General Classification Test; assess recruits, maximize potential,placement into areas of sevice. Assistance to veterans – educational, vocatioanalplanning (GI Bill), 1944 as career guidance centers.

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More assesment – renewed focus and interest, 1938 – mental measurementsYearsbook; increased college enrollment (GI Bill), College Enterance ExaminationBoards: American College testing Program (ACT)

9. Pada 1960’s

Individual awareness –potential and expiriences, self-assertion.

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Manpower legislation-occupational training programs

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Economic Oppurtunity Act – Head start, Job Crops, Community Action Programs.

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1963 – Vocational Educational Act.

  • Formal trainning for jobs seekers.

  • Occupational adjustment in charging market.

  • More funding for school guidance as well

10. NOICC

National occupation information Coordinating 1976

  •  Bereau of Labor Statistics

  •  Employment and Training Administration

  •  Office of Vocational Anf Adult Education

  •  National Center for Educational Statistics.

  •  Develop occupational informational system, employment and training onfederal, states, local levels.

  •  Asist in organization and operation of state committees (SOICCs)

  •  Assist all users in sharing and use of occupational information.

  •  Labor market information for the needs of youth.

11. Ringkasan:

  1. Career guidance movement began at the turn of the 20th century. 

  2. Greatly influenced by –​

  • Industry and technology

  • Social change and reform

  • Government funding and programs

  • Testing and assisment of human.

  • Links between school and career counseling history and development are strong.

  • Shifting focus from making a living to the meaning of work to the individual self.

  • An understanding of this history & development increases insight into the role of the Career Counselor

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